Author: Off the Chain Online

This post is currently under construction. 

This post is currently under construction.

One of the binaries most well-cemented in our contemporary society is that of the concept of “biological sex.” It seems relatively safe to suggest that most modern scholars are aware of the difference between sex and gender (the former referring to the body, and the latter to one’s self-identity). Nevertheless, though, while variations in gender are gaining broader representation – particularly in the form of transgender people, whose gender departs from their assigned sex – physical sex proves to continue to confound.

If you are like many others, you may take for granted various sets of universal binaries (binary here referring to a set of two). For example, dark / light, up / down, or male / female. These are considered to be polarized dichotomies; that is, they are viewed in a one-or-the-other framework. Something can be more towards pole A or more towards pole B, but it cannot have both qualities at once.

For some systems, this makes sense. Since darkness is the absence of light, for instance, it is logical that something dark cannot also be light. And since up is the opposite of down, one cannot go both directions at the same time. However, the relationship between male and female, both in the context of gender identity and biological sex, is what can be called a false binary or false dichotomy. An argument or statement using a false dichotomy presupposes a binary division or opposition between two things, when in actuality such a relationship does not exist.

Since we build our conceptualization of “male” and “female” from the foundation of biological sex, one must next logically question: in what ways is biological sex not binary?

To understand this, we should look closer at what biological sex actually is. As scientifically defined, the characteristic of “sex” refers to a physical type which usually has the function of a particular role in the reproductive process. [Insert anecdotes of other organisms’ sexes here.]

What does it mean to be transgender?

There has been a lot of media attention buzzing around the concept of “transgender” lately. Laverne Cox, Caitlyn Jenner, and upcoming films About Ray and The Danish Girl are only a few examples of contemporary exposure of transgender individuals. However, it’s hard to understand something as complex as gender and trans identity from a few representations direct from Hollywood. The concept of transgenderism in general may be anywhere from superficially familiar to even a complete mystery – what’s certain is that a vast population of people alive today still is not quite sure what it means to be transgender.

Let’s look first at the word transgender and what it means. We all know what “gender” is… or we think we do. But what does it mean to be “trans”-gender? You’ve certainly heard the trans- prefix before. Transatlantic, transport, transfer. “Trans” seems to evoke a sense of distance, of travel, of communication from one place to another. In fact, the prefix “trans” comes from the Latin preposition trans, meaning “across; over; beyond.”

Those interested in molecular biology (which identifies factors or elements with the same prefixes) may also be aware that trans- has an opposite: cis-. “Cis,” also from Latin, means “on the same side.” This dichotomy features in science and in geography, wherein something might be described as trans or cis based on whether they were across or on the same side of, for example, a river. Because of the complementary nature of the terms, you could say that everyone is either transgender or cisgender.

So what is cis and what is trans when it comes to people? The “crossing” referred to by the trans- prefix in this case refers to a departure from one’s assigned gender at birth. That is, the gender (typically male or female) a doctor or other professional might designate upon you when you are infant. This is usually conflated with the concept of biological sex, which is looked at in more detail in this post. Since sex as a designation does not necessarily correlate to biological or hormonal reality, the term then “assigned gender (at birth),” rather than “sex,” is used to refer to the (usually binary) label given to infants to assign them “boy” or “girl.” The “trans,” therefore, happens when an individual departs from this assigned gender and identifies instead with a different, multiple, or no genders. This is a transgender individual. Someone who never departs from his, her, or their assigned gender, then, is cisgender. Note that this does not necessarily correlate with gender roles, presentation, or conformity. A person may depart from gender roles by presenting as a very butch lesbian, for example, but still be cisgender, because she was designated female at birth and continues to identify as female.

Here are some examples of transgender individuals:

Eli always knew she was a girl. Though she had been designated male, by the age of seven or eight, she had begun transition to allow her outside to better match how she felt inside. Now she is a happy adult woman in all respects, though she still keeps the name she was given by her parents.

Ian was designated as female at birth, but came out as transgender in his teens. It wasn’t until he was an adult that he was able to live under his preferred name, which he chose for himself. Sometimes Ian dresses feminine and often people think he is a girl, but those closest to Ian know that his curvy body doesn’t offset his identity.

Tom looks like most men. They were assigned male and grew up looking and acting like what most people would call a normal boy. Today Tom doesn’t care much to change their appearance or body, but knows they are agender, not male, and use they/them pronouns. 

A more exhaustive list would go on much longer, and include intersex individuals, people who may go through multiple stages or identities in their gender journeys, and a greater variety of genders, like bigender, two-spirit, or neogenders. However, due to the impossibility of universal inclusion, the above three examples will serve as a beginning basis for understanding. Though an individual may change or keep their name, use any set of pronouns, come out at any age or more than once, or present in a variety of ways, traditional or nontraditional, there is a common thread in all of these stories – transition.

In reference to the transgender experience, “transition” can refer to a number of things. The most basic transition a transgender individual may go through is that of gender identity. They are given an gender assignment at birth, but at some point in their life, their gender identity proves to part from that assignment. The feeling or identity of being a different gender than one is assigned is the only prerequisite for a person to be transgender. However, a transgender person may also, if they choose and are capable, go through a number of other transitions. Typically, one can put these in any of three categories: social, medical, and legal.

Social transition refers to the way a person goes about their life and interactions with other people. A person who socially transitions may choose to: dress differently; wear different makeup; alter their style or countenance; train themselves to speak or walk differently; choose new names, pronouns, or forms of address; interact with people, platonically, romantically, and/or sexually, as a member of their true gender, etc. (“True” gender, when used here, will refer to a person’s gender identity, regardless of medical or other assignment. If a person identifies as female, then her “true” and only actual gender is female.) Social transition is not a linear process. A transgender individual who is “out” to some people may not be “out” to all; their presentation may change according to their company or the occasion. They may use one name with family and another with friends. One might be out and use a new name and pronouns, but not dress or act differently. To some people, gender identity is private and personal, and may not be shared or expressed with others. Other people may choose some aspects to change, or all. Overall, there is no wrong way to socially transition – even refraining from social transition altogether is a valid choice.

Similarly, medical transition is a choice which may be pursued partially, wholly, or not at all. Medical transition refers to the (usually permanent) physical alterations one may undergo in order to, as a transgender individual, feel more comfortable in their body and appearance. These procedures may involve hormone replacement therapy (HRT), gender affirmation surgery (which may restructure one’s genitals), the removal of or augmentation of breasts/breast tissue, facial restructuring or plastic surgery, vasectomies or hysterectomies, et cetera. Though many people choose to “fully” transition (which may mean to become physically indistinguishable from a person who was born with the assigned target gender), others may partially transition or not transition at all. Some of this is based off of personal choice, but, like social transition, it may also depend on the circumstances to which an individual is subject. Health concerns, inability to afford the recovery time, or lack of insurance coverage can all affect someone’s ability or ease of pursuing medical transition. The medical field can also range from exclusionary to outright hostile towards transgender patients, discouraging some from pursuing transition. Additionally, medical transition standards are often binary, meaning a person who does not identify with a strictly male or female gender may have difficulty conceptualizing what physical alterations would best suit their identity, much less be approved for said expenses or procedures. Though there are a wider and more accessible variety of options every day, there are also many obstacles.

Finally, there is legal transition. Legal transition is the reassignment of one’s legal, documented identity according to the gender which suits them best. This may include a revised birth certificate, a changed gender marker on one’s driver’s license or passport, and the court approval of an official change in gender that will be tied to all legal documentation regarding one’s person. Some countries allow nonbinary individuals (those who do not identify as strictly male or female) to have a separate gender marker. Others, including the U.S., remain binary, and individuals applying for a change must choose to be identified as either M or F. The processes for legal transition are largely dependent on location and local law. In my county in California, paperwork for a legal name change amounts to $435. Gender changes may also require proof of medical transition, a recommendation by a psychologist, and/or a published ad in a local newspaper prior to court approval. Depending on one’s unique situation, there are often many bureaucratic “hoops” to jump through in order to achieve legal gender transition. However, it can also be very powerful if acquired. Legal gender markers can affect one’s eligibility for marriage in some countries, will affect one’s title of address, and may be affirmed on every piece of legal documentation once fully successful. For those who choose to apply for legal recognition, a government-affirmed identity can be very fulfilling.

As discussed above, a transgender individual may go through any of the aforementioned forms of transition, or none at all. However, even for those who choose not to pursue it, the obstacles to transition and acceptance impact the entire transgender community. For many, mistreatment or refusal of recognition can harm a transgender person’s social well-being, mental health, and psychological stability. In fact, the judgment from outsiders or societal norms can be the biggest contributor to gender dysphoria. Gender dysphoria replaced the inaccurate “Gender Identity Disorder” in the most recent publication of the Diagnostic Statisticians Manual, or the DSM-V. “Dysphoria,” the opposite of “euphoria,” is a word that refers to a sense of wrongness, dissatisfaction, and unpleasant feeling. To have gender dysphoria, then, is to feel a “wrongness” associated with your assigned gender, or a discomfort with how you are seen physically or socially. (Social dysphoria refers to feeling at odds with how your gender is viewed socially; physical dysphoria indicates a discomfort with one’s body as related to gender.)

Not every transgender person experiences dysphoria; some people may feel fine or comfortable in whatever body or presentation, but simply know themselves that another gender is best or most accurate to their true identity. Others may experience social dysphoria but not physical, or the other way around. Some experiences with dysphoria are ingrained in one’s own beliefs or the result of societal encoding. Other experiences with dysphoria may be a direct response to the reactions or judgments of an external populace. Dysphoria can be vague or distinct, and can waver or remain constant. For most, though, the treatment for gender dysphoria is gender transition. Many cisgender people may not understand why a transgender person feels the need to transition; it is likely because, without being allowed to fulfill the transformation that makes them feel most like their true self, a transgender person suffering from dysphoria may feel stuck in a “wrong” or improper sense of self until achieved. Cisgender people can help ease this feeling by respecting a person’s social transition: treating a transgender person as their true gender, using their preferred personal pronouns, and addressing them with their chosen names and identifying terms (to the extent and in the circumstances with which the transgender person is individually comfortable).

Now that you understand what it means to be transgender, and what a transgender person’s transition might look like, consider learning more about the gender spectrum.

To anyone familiar with the grammatical structure of standard English, you probably recognize what a pronoun is. Mostly, you may think of I, you, me, ours, they, him, her, us. It also includes things like it, this, those, and that. However, pronouns are not just a feature of language; they are also personal.

Personal pronouns is a concept denoting a pronoun set consistently used by an individual person. You likely use these and don’t know it. Maybe you are used to being referred to as he or him, or, if you identify as a girl, you might use she or her. You know that which pronouns you use depend on the person you’re talking about; Jane would be identified differently from Michael. You may even correct people when they call your cat, Mr. Whiskers, a ‘she‘ when you know he is a ‘he.’ This is an example of personal pronouns.

Though you may not think about it very much, a person’s personal pronouns are not always what you would expect them to be. Many people, whether they don’t conform to traditional gender presentation or perhaps do not identify with the gender assigned to them at birth, use pronouns you might not assume for their appearance, or even name. Sometimes, this includes gender-neutral pronouns.

If you are an English speaker, you already use one set of gender-neutral pronouns: they, them, and theirs is a pronoun set used to refer either to a plural group of people, or a singular person of indeterminate gender. You might tell your mother that the cashier asked for ID; she could respond, not knowing a gender, “Did you give it to them?” It is, in fact, often good policy to revert to this generic neutral set of pronouns for anyone whose personal pronouns you do not personally know.

However, sometimes a person may use one or more set of gender-neutral pronouns you do not recognize. Some examples of these are ey, em, and eirs; ze, hir, and hirs; or xe, xem, and xyrs, among others. The list is endless and constantly expanding, and can even feature a subset called neopronouns, in which one might use invented pronouns based on a concept or existing noun (fae, faer, and faers or kit, kit, and kits are examples of this). A list of popular third-person gender-neutral pronoun sets (and how they are used) can be found on Wiktionary, though it is by no means exhaustive.

Why do people use gender-neutral, invented, or neopronouns? There are a variety of personal reasons that may differ for each individual. Frequently, though, the motivation is related to gender. Transgender and nonbinary individuals can often find that their personal gender identity is best recognized through a nontraditional personal pronoun set. Though this may be introduced in queer or transgender communities as “preferred pronouns,” someone’s personal pronouns are not really a preference; they are a necessity. Like you wouldn’t call someone by a name that is not theirs, to call someone by pronouns they don’t use (or to refuse to use the pronouns they do) is an act of disrespect. However, one of the most frequent causes of misuse of pronouns is ignorance or misunderstanding, not malice. For that reason, I encourage you to check out my Trans 101 post for the benefit of better understanding.

If you were directed to this post from my About page, or if you are still confused on how a set of nontraditional gender-neutral pronouns might be used, I’ll explain my own personal use of pronouns. As a person who identifies as nongendered, I prefer the use of the pronouns xe, xem, and xyrs (though the standard they, them, and theirs is also okay). Here is a basic chart identifying what version of pronouns is used in what sentence function, with my pronouns (xe/xem) at the bottom:

Nominative (subject) | Accusative (object) | Possessive
I ran. | Help me? | That’s mine!
You came! | I like you. | Is that yours?
Is he tall? | Get him! | This is his.
They are sweet. | Is that them? | It’s their turn!
Xe is here! | I see xem. | Are you xyr friend?

So, if you were referring to this webpage’s author (that’s me), you might say: “Xe created this website. I can see xyr hard work, and I’m impressed by xem.“

For more information about pronouns, check out my Resources page.